{
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  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This notebook was prepared by [Donne Martin](https://github.com/donnemartin). Source and license info is on [GitHub](https://github.com/donnemartin/interactive-coding-challenges)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Solution Notebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Problem: Determine the total number of unique ways to make n cents, given coins of denominations less than n cents.\n",
    "\n",
    "* [Constraints](#Constraints)\n",
    "* [Test Cases](#Test-Cases)\n",
    "* [Algorithm](#Algorithm)\n",
    "* [Code](#Code)\n",
    "* [Unit Test](#Unit-Test)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Constraints\n",
    "\n",
    "* Do the coins have to reach exactly n cents?\n",
    "    * Yes\n",
    "* Can we assume we have an infinite number of coins to make n cents?\n",
    "    * Yes\n",
    "* Do we need to report the combination(s) of coins that represent the minimum?\n",
    "    * No\n",
    "* Can we assume the coin denominations are given in sorted order?\n",
    "    * No\n",
    "* Can we assume this fits memory?\n",
    "    * Yes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Test Cases\n",
    "\n",
    "* coins: None or n: None -> Exception\n",
    "* coins: [] or n: 0 -> 0\n",
    "* coins: [1, 2, 3], n: 5 -> 5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Algorithm\n",
    "\n",
    "We'll use a bottom-up dynamic programming approach.\n",
    "\n",
    "<pre>\n",
    "The rows (i) represent the coin values.\n",
    "The columns (j) represent the totals.\n",
    "\n",
    "  -------------------------\n",
    "  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |\n",
    "  -------------------------\n",
    "0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n",
    "1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |\n",
    "2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |\n",
    "3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |\n",
    "  -------------------------\n",
    "\n",
    "Number of ways to get total n with coin[n] equals:\n",
    "* Number of ways to get total n with coin[n - 1] plus\n",
    "* Number of ways to get total n - coin[n]\n",
    "\n",
    "if j == 0:\n",
    "    T[i][j] = 1\n",
    "if row == 0:\n",
    "    T[i][j] = 0\n",
    "if coins[i] >= j\n",
    "    T[i][j] = T[i - 1][j] + T[i][j - coins[i]]\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    T[i][j] = T[i - 1][j]\n",
    "\n",
    "The answer will be in the bottom right corner of the matrix.\n",
    "</pre>\n",
    "\n",
    "Complexity:\n",
    "* Time: O(i * j)\n",
    "* Space: O(i * j)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Code"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class CoinChanger(object):\n",
    "\n",
    "    def make_change(self, coins, total):\n",
    "        if coins is None or total is None:\n",
    "            return None\n",
    "        if not coins or total == 0:\n",
    "            return 0\n",
    "        coins = [0] + coins\n",
    "        num_rows = len(coins)\n",
    "        num_cols = total + 1\n",
    "        T = [[None] * num_cols for _ in range(num_rows)]\n",
    "        for i in range(num_rows):\n",
    "            for j in range(num_cols):\n",
    "                if i == 0:\n",
    "                    T[i][j] = 0\n",
    "                    continue\n",
    "                if j == 0:\n",
    "                    T[i][j] = 1\n",
    "                    continue\n",
    "                if coins[i] <= j:\n",
    "                    T[i][j] = T[i - 1][j] + T[i][j - coins[i]]\n",
    "                else:\n",
    "                    T[i][j] = T[i - 1][j]\n",
    "        return T[num_rows - 1][num_cols - 1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Unit Test\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Overwriting test_coin_change.py\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%writefile test_coin_change.py\n",
    "import unittest\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "class Challenge(unittest.TestCase):\n",
    "\n",
    "    def test_coin_change(self):\n",
    "        coin_changer = CoinChanger()\n",
    "        self.assertEqual(coin_changer.make_change([1, 2], 0), 0)\n",
    "        self.assertEqual(coin_changer.make_change([1, 2, 3], 5), 5)\n",
    "        self.assertEqual(coin_changer.make_change([1, 5, 25, 50], 10), 3)\n",
    "        print('Success: test_coin_change')\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "def main():\n",
    "    test = Challenge()\n",
    "    test.test_coin_change()\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "if __name__ == '__main__':\n",
    "    main()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Success: test_coin_change\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%run -i test_coin_change.py"
   ]
  }
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